This case presents us with the issue of whether a beneficiary of a pension plan can intentionally evade receipt of his benefits and then force the pension plan to pay him interest on the forgone benefits. Because we find that no obligation to pay interest exists in such a situation, we affirm the district court's grant of summary judgment in favor of appellees.

Appellant Thomas Twomey served as a pilot for Delta Airlines for over twenty-eight years. Effective November 30, 1984, Delta terminated him for falsifying the medical certificate necessary to maintain his Federal Aviation Administration Public Air Transport Captain's license. Twomey appealed his termination to the System Board of Adjustment, which reduced his termination to a suspension.

On July 26, 1986, Twomey turned 60, which meant that FAA regulations prohibited him from flying as a Captain or Co-Pilot/First Officer. On August 27, 1985, appellee Delta Airlines Pilots Pension Plan ("Delta") sent to Twomey's home address a package of information regarding his retirement benefits (the "Plan"). On June 10, 1986, Delta sent an application for benefits to that same address by certified mail. After three delivery attempts, the package was returned unclaimed. In July of 1986, Delta then sent the retirement package and application to an alternate address. The package was signed for by someone other than Twomey.

Twomey did not contact Delta for nine years. In 1995, Twomey requested that Delta send an application for retirement benefits to a New Hampshire address. The package was returned to Delta marked "Box Closed." The IRS then advised Delta that an IRS levy would attach to any retirement benefits payable to Twomey. Later in 1996, Twomey inquired about his retirement benefits through counsel, and Delta sent information to counsel in 1997.

In response to another inquiry from Twomey through counsel in 1998, Delta notified Twomey that he would receive a payment of monthly benefits retroactive to August 1, 1986 and that he was eligible for prospective monthly benefits. Delta provided another application which Twomey completed and returned on February 17, 1999. The next day, Delta sent him a lump-sum payment of over $1,071,567.95, and monthly benefit payments began effective March, 1999.

Twomey was dissatisfied with the lump sum and wanted interest and lost profits in the additional amount of $930,513. He filed an appeal with the Administrative Subcommittee of Delta Airlines ("the Subcommittee"), asking for 10% per annum interest for the twelve years and seven months that the Plan was able to use his pension benefits. Twomey explained that he did not apply for benefits earlier because he wanted Delta to reinstate him as a flight engineer. However, Delta had a "Two Step Down Bid" rule, which precluded pilots who had reached age sixty from becoming flight engineers. Delta required pilots to retire upon reaching age sixty, but flight engineers could continue to serve in their positions until age seventy. Twomey thought that if he filed the forms for the retirement plan, he would be conceding that Delta's policy was lawful.

The Subcommittee upheld the denial of Twomey's claim for lost profits. He then appealed to the Administrative Committee ("the Committee"), which also upheld the denial of Twomey's claim. The Committee found that (1) Twomey, not Delta, caused the delay in the benefit payments, so Delta was not wrongfully or unjustly enriched; (2) the terms of the Plan provide that benefit payments and certain plan administrative expenses are the only items that are authorized to be paid from the Plan; and (3) Section 502 of ERISA does not provide for the payment of interest to a Plan participant under any applicable circumstances.

Twomey then appealed to federal district court. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of appellees, finding that the Committee's decision was not arbitrary or capricious. In addition, the court found that although the Plan might be interpreted in a way that is at odds with the Committee's interpretation, the Committee's interpretation did not approach the level of unreasonableness necessary to allow the district court to rule in favor of Twomey.

Twomey argues that the district court erred when it reviewed the Committee determination under an arbitrary and capricious standard, asserting that the court should have reviewed the denial of his claim de novo. While we generally review benefits determinations covered by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 ("ERISA"), 29 U.S.C. § 1001, de novo, we review plans that "clearly grant[] discretionary authority to the administrator" using "a deferential arbitrary and capricious standard of judicial review." Terry v. Bayer Corp., 145 F.3d 28, 37 (1st Cir.1998) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

Courts have tussled with the question of what language constitutes a clear grant of discretionary authority where the plan does not specify who is given review power, "consistently [holding] that there are no `magic words' determining the scope of judicial review of decisions to deny benefits." Brigham v. Sun Life of Canada, 317 F.3d 72, 81 (1st Cir.2003) (quoting Herzberger v. Standard Ins. Co., 205 F.3d 327, 331 (7th Cir.2000)). However, in the case before us, we need not struggle; the language clearly indicates that the Committee is to make eligibility determinations. The Plan, effective January 1, 1985,1 states that "the Administrative Committee shall have such duties and powers as may be necessary to discharge its responsibilities under the Plan, including... decid[ing] all questions of eligibility of any Employee to participate in the Plan or to receive benefits under it, its interpretation thereof in good faith to be final and conclusive." § 11.02(b). The Plan also contains a catch-all provision, giving the Committee the power "[t]o decide all questions concerning the Plan." § 11.02(g).

Because the Plan language clearly gives discretionary authority to the plan administrator, the district court correctly applied an arbitrary and capricious standard of review. As we conduct a de novo review of the district court decision, we also will uphold the Committee's interpretation of the Plan and its application of the Plan's terms to the facts of Twomey's claim as long as the "factfinder's decision is plausible in light of the record as a whole." Leahy v. Raytheon Co., 315 F.3d 11, 17 (1st Cir.2002). When reviewing a grant of summary judgment, the arbitrary and capricious standard requires that we "ask whether the aggregate evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, could support a rational determination that the plan administrator acted arbitrarily in denying the claim for benefits." Id. at 18.

After examining the Committee's decision, we find that its determination that Twomey was not entitled to interest or lost profits was not arbitrary or capricious. To begin, we find that the evidence supports the Committee's rejection of his unjust enrichment claim. Twomey knew the Plan was trying to contact him in order to pay out his retirement benefits. He concedes that he intentionally evaded payment. Absent a Plan provision granting him benefits in such a circumstance, Twomey has no viable grounds in equity on which to base his claim for additional remuneration; the equities favor defendants. Twomey is simply seeking identical relief through his attack on the Committee's interpretation of the Plan, an invitation we refuse to accept. See Mauser v. Raytheon Co. Pension Plan, 239 F.3d 51, 57-58 (1st Cir.2001) (stating that "we must exercise caution in creating new common law rules for pension plans" and "should avoid creating duplicative remedies for violations of ERISA's provisions").

Next, Twomey attacks the Committee's finding that, in these circumstances, the terms of the Plan do not allow for the payment of interest. Twomey offers two central arguments in opposition to the Committee's interpretation of the Plan.2 First, he argues that a straightforward reading of subsection 12.02 mandates the payment of the actuarial equivalent in present value of, or interest on, his accrued retirement benefits:

SMALL PAYMENTS: In the event that any benefit provided under the Plan is payable in an amount which is the Actuarial Equivalent of $3,500 or less and benefit payments have not commenced, the Administrative Committee may direct that a lump sum settlement that is the Actuarial Equivalent in present value be paid in lieu of any other benefit under the Plan; but, if such value exceeds $3,500, then such payment shall be made only if payments have not commenced and the affected Participant, if then living and his spouse (if any), so consent. If the Participant is deceased, his surviving spouse must consent to any distribution exceeding $3,500.

Twomey's interpretation of subsection 12.02 is off-base. As Twomey acknowledges, the inclusion of 12.02 is required by 29 U.S.C. § 1053(e)(1),3 which requires a plan participant to consent before being cashed-out where the present value of the benefit is over $3,500 (raised to $5,000 in 1997). Subsection 1053(e)(1) prevents a pension plan from forcing a participant to cash-out without her consent; it does not allow a plan participant to choose to be cashed-out. Plan section 12.02 allows the Plan to cash-out beneficiaries owed less than $3,500, by paying participants a lump sum, consisting of the amount the participant would have received had the plan paid the beneficiary according to the payment schedule.

Statutory section 1053 and Plan section 12.02 simply do not apply to Twomey's situation because the Plan did not cash-out Twomey. Instead, the lump-sum Twomey requested was merely the retroactive payment of his accumulated benefits. We agree with the Committee that § 12.02 is not applicable.

Second, Twomey argues that the Committee erred by failing to apply section 12.05 of the Plan, which states:

MISSING PERSONS: If the Administrative Committee is unable, within three years after the Normal Retirement Date of a Participant, to authorize benefit payments because the identity or whereabout of such person cannot be ascertained, the Administrative Committee shall direct that such benefit and all other benefits with respect to such person shall be forfeited; provided, if such Participant re-appears and claims such benefit, such benefit shall be reinstated as payable at his Normal Retirement Date.

Twomey argues that the use of "payable at his Normal Retirement Date" in the above provision indicates that the Plan must pay interest on, or the Actuarial Equivalent in present value of, the retroactive benefit. The Committee did not act arbitrarily or capriciously in denying Twomey's reading of this provision. There is no indication that interest or the Actuarial Equivalent is intended by the phrase "Normal Retirement Date." We agree with the Committee that the disputed phrase can reasonably be read to mean that if a missing claimant reappears, he may begin receiving the monthly payments to which he would have been entitled had he applied before his Normal Retirement Date. Without that "reinstated as payable" language, the Plan would require that the payments be made beginning as of the application date, resulting in the claimant losing the retroactive benefits.4 Admittedly, there is more than one reasonable reading of the Plan provision. In such a situation, we defer to the interpretation of the plan Administrator.

Appellees argue that the district court erred by not awarding attorney's fees pursuant to 29 U.S.C. § 1132(g)(1), which allows courts, at their discretion, to award attorney's fees and costs to either party. To guide its discretion, courts in the First Circuit apply a five-factor test. Cottrill v. Sparrow, Johnson & Ursillo, Inc., 100 F.3d 220, 225 (1st Cir.1996). This test is a "flexible one.... [N]ot every factor must be considered in each case, ... and [] no one [factor] should be dispositive." Gray v. New England Tel. and Tel. Co., 792 F.2d 251, 258 (1st Cir.1986). The five factors include

(1) the degree of bad faith or culpability of a losing party; (2) the ability of such party to personally satisfy an award of fees; (3) whether such an award would deter other persons acting under similar circumstances; (4) the amount of benefit to the action as conferred upon the members of the pension plan; and (5) the relative merits of the parties' positions.

Id. at 257-58. If the district court applies the correct standard, we will review the grant or denial of attorney's fees in ERISA cases "solely for abuse of discretion." Cottrill, 100 F.3d at 223, 227. "Consequently, we will disturb such rulings only if the record persuades us that the trial court indulged a serious lapse in judgment." Id. at 223 (quotation marks and citation omitted).

The record does not indicate that the district court abused its discretion. The court used the correct standard of review, did not find that Twomey acted in bad faith, and found that the Plan was susceptible to readings at odds with that of the Committee. In addition, the district court found that an award of attorney's fees might deter plaintiffs with claims of merit from filing suit. While we might have balanced the factors slightly differently, "[a]bsent a mistake of law or a clear error in judgment — neither of which is evident here — we must defer to the trial court's first-hand knowledge and to its battlefield determination that the specific facts of this case do not warrant a fee award." Cottrill, 100 F.3d at 227.

The judgment of the district court is affirmed.5 Costs are taxed against appellant.